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The price of an ETP at any point during the trading day is determined by how much the underlying asset has risen or fallen from its closing price the day before. So what happens to the price of ETPs listed on European exchanges which tracks underlying assets traded in overseas markets and in different time zones? This is achieved by the pre-market and after-hours trading provisions in the U.S. stock exchanges, which is implemented through electronic communication networks.
U.S. stock exchanges are open from 14:30 to 21:00 GMT (UK time zone); however, pre-market trading starts as early as 9:00 GMT and runs until markets officially opens. Once the market is close the after-hours session begins and runs until 1:00 GMT.
Unlike regular trading hours, the pre-market and after-hours sessions are characterised by low volumes and liquidity, which inevitably increases the bid/ask spread.
ETPs and GDRs
Given these extended hours, international market makers have been able to quote spreads even after US markets are closed. This is made possible by Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs). GDRs are certificates that represent a particular number of shares in a US company and are sold through foreign brokers. GDRs provide indirect access to major US stocks – with the added convenience of an investor’s local broker and being denominated in local currency. GDRs should track the price of the underlying stock – otherwise, there would be arbitrage opportunities.
So how can an investor ensure that Leverage Shares ETPs move in tandem with the US stocks they aim to track?
Example: Below is an example of a Leverage Shares 3x Apple ETP (LON: AAP3), its corresponding GDR (FRA: APC), and the US stock (NASDAQ: AAPL) in action.
Websim is the retail division of Intermonte, the primary intermediary of the Italian stock exchange for institutional investors. Leverage Shares often features in its speculative analysis based on macros/fundamentals. However, the information is published in Italian. To provide better information for our non-Italian investors, we bring to you a quick translation of the analysis they present to Italian retail investors. To ensure rapid delivery, text in the charts will not be translated. The views expressed here are of Websim. Leverage Shares in no way endorses these views. If you are unsure about the suitability of an investment, please seek financial advice. View the original at
Your capital is at risk if you invest. You could lose all your investment. Please see the full risk warning here.
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This is a marketing communication. Please refer to the Prospectus of the ETPs and to the KIID before making any final investment decisions.
This information originates from Investium Limited, which has been appointed as distributor of Leverage Shares products in Europe by Leverage Shares Management Company Limited (the “Arranger”). Investium Limited with registered address at 6 Nikou Georgiou Street, Office 302, 1095 Nicosia Cyprus, is a financial services provider regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC).
The information is intended only to provide general and preliminary information to investors and shall not be construed as investment, legal or tax advice. Investium Limited and the Arranger (together referred as “Leverage Shares”) assume no liability with regards to any investment, divestment or retention decision taken by the investor on the basis of this information. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) but not necessarily those of Leverage Shares. Opinions are current as of the publication date and are subject to change with market conditions. Certain statements contained herein may constitute projections, forecasts and other forward-looking statements, which do not reflect actual results. Information provided by third party sources is believed to be reliable and have not been independently verified for accuracy or completeness and cannot be guaranteed.
All performance information is based on historical data and does not predict future returns. Investing is subject to risk, including the possible loss of principal. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any other publication, without express written permission of Leverage Shares.
© Leverage Shares 2025
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This website is for informational purposes only.
This website is accessible to retail investors in the EU for informational purposes only. Leverage Shares does not directly distribute to retail investors. Retail clients should not rely on any of the information provided and should seek independent financial advice.
Information contained in this website is intended only to provide general and preliminary information and does not constitute any legal or investment advice, an offer to sell or solicitation to buy any security, including shares of any Exchange Traded Products (“ETPs”).
An investment in the promoted ETPs may only be made based on the ETPs´ legal documentation and will be subject to terms and conditions contained therein.
The information provided on this site is not directed to any United States person or any person in the United States, any state thereof, or any of its territories or possessions. The ETPs shown on this website are not available for sale in the U.S. or to a U.S. person.
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Please confirm the Terms and Conditions by clicking on “I agree”.
This website is for informational purposes only.
Information contained in this website is intended only to provide general and preliminary information to EU regulated firms such as Investment Intermediaries and Asset Managers. This information does not constitute an offer to sell or solicitation to buy any security, including shares of any Exchange Traded Products (“ETPs”).
An investment in the promoted ETPs may only be made based on the ETPs´ legal documentation and will be subject to terms and conditions contained therein.
The information provided on this site is not directed to any United States person or any person in the United States, any state thereof, or any of its territories or possessions. The ETPs shown on this website are not available for sale in the U.S. or to a U.S. person.
I acknowledge having my legal residence in the selected location.
Please confirm the Terms and Conditions by clicking on “I agree”.
This website is for informational purposes only.
This website is accessible to retail investors in the UK for informational purposes only. Leverage Shares does not directly distribute to retail investors. Retail clients should not rely on any of the information provided and should seek assistance from an IFA for all investment guidance and advice.
Information contained in this website is intended only to provide general and preliminary information and does not constitute any legal or investment advice, an offer to sell or solicitation to buy any security, including shares of any Exchange Traded Products (“ETPs”).
An investment in the promoted ETPs may only be made based on the ETPs´ legal documentation and will be subject to terms and conditions contained therein.
The information provided on this site is not directed to any United States person or any person in the United States, any state thereof, or any of its territories or possessions. The ETPs shown on this website are not available for sale in the U.S. or to a U.S. person.
I acknowledge having my legal residence in the selected location.
Please confirm the Terms and Conditions by clicking on “I agree”.
This website is for informational purposes only.
Information contained in this website is intended only to provide general and preliminary information to FCA regulated firms such as Independent Financial Advisors (IFAs) and Wealth Managers. This information does not constitute an offer to sell or solicitation to buy any security, including shares of any Exchange Traded Products (“ETPs”).
An investment in the promoted ETPs may only be made based on the ETPs´ legal documentation and will be subject to terms and conditions contained therein.
The information provided on this site is not directed to any United States person or any person in the United States, any state thereof, or any of its territories or possessions. The ETPs shown on this website are not available for sale in the U.S. or to a U.S. person.
I acknowledge having my legal residence in the selected location.
This website is intended for U.S. residents.
The content on this website is for informational purposes only and is educational in nature.
The material contained on this website is not intended as a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any security or to adopt any investment strategy.
This website is intended for U.S. residents.
The content on this website is for informational purposes only and is educational in nature.
The material contained on this website is not intended as a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any security or to adopt any investment strategy.
